Franciscans: The History and Evolution of the Order of Friars Minor
Founded on February 24, 1209, the Franciscan movement began as a radical call to return to the simplicity of the early church. Established by Francis of Assisi, the order is rooted in the motto Pax et bonum (Peace and all good), emphasizing a life of humility, service, and a profound commitment to poverty. Over eight centuries, this movement has expanded from a small group of devoted followers into a global network of diverse religious branches within the Catholic Church.
Key Facts
- Founder: Francis of Assisi.
- Established: February 24, 1209.
- Core Motto: Pax et bonum (Peace and all good).
- Primary Structure: Divided into First, Second, and Third Orders.
- Key Branches: Includes the OFM, Conventuals, and Capuchins.
The Three Orders of the Franciscan Family
The First Order: Order of Friars Minor
The First Order consists of friars who take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Historically, the degree of adherence to extreme poverty caused internal tension, leading to the formation of three distinct branches:
- Order of Friars Minor (OFM): Formerly known as the "Observant" branch, focusing on a strict adherence to the original spirit of the rule.
- Order of Friars Minor Conventual: Formed in 1209, this branch historically allowed for a more relaxed approach to poverty to facilitate community living in urban convents.
- Order of Friars Minor Capuchin: Founded in 1525 by Matteo Serafini (Matteo da Bascio), the Capuchins sought an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity and became a separate order in 1619.
The Second Order: Poor Clares
Founded by Clare of Assisi and Francis of Assisi on Palm Sunday in 1212, the Poor Clares (officially the Order of Saint Clare) are a contemplative order of nuns. They follow the Rule of St. Clare, approved by Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Today, the order includes various branches, such as the Colettine Poor Clares (founded 1410), the Capuchin Poor Clares (founded 1538), and the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (founded 1854).
The Third Order: Secular and Regular
The Third Order was established in 1212 for individuals who wish to live a Franciscan life without entering a cloistered monastery or convent. This is divided into two main paths:
- Secular Franciscan Order: Members live secular lives in the world, gathering for fraternal activities and following a Rule approved by Pope Paul VI in 1978.
- Third Order Regular: Members who live in religious communities but maintain the spirit of the Third Order.
Historical Development and Conflict
The history of the Franciscans is marked by a recurring struggle between the "Observants," who advocated for strict poverty, and those who favored a more moderate interpretation of the rule. This conflict peaked in the 13th century, leading to the appointment of the strict John of Parma as General in 1247 to replace a more lax leadership.
In the 14th century, further reforms emerged, such as the congregation founded by Johannes de Vallibus in 1334 at the hermitage of St. Bartholomew. This group eventually evolved into the "brothers of the regular Observance." Beyond the Catholic Church, the 19th-century Oxford Movement led to the establishment of Franciscan-inspired communities within the Anglican Communion, including the Society of Saint Francis and the Community of St. Francis.
Cultural and Intellectual Contributions
The Franciscan movement significantly influenced late Medieval Christian art, particularly in Italy. The ideals of the order inspired legendary painters like Cimabue and Giotto. Their work, along with the architecture of the great convent church at Assisi (built 1228–1253), helped define the Italian Gothic style.
Additionally, the order has made lasting contributions to biblical scholarship and global missions, extending their reach into the New World and Asia.
Membership Summary
| Branch | Communities | Total Members | Number of Priests |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order of Friars Minor (OFM) | 1,915 | 12,476 | 8,512 |
| OFM Conventual | 572 | 3,981 | 2,777 |
| OFM Capuchin | 1,542 | 10,355 | 6,796 |
Frequently Asked Questions
Who founded the Franciscan Order?
The order was founded by Francis of Assisi on February 24, 1209.
What is the difference between the First, Second, and Third Orders?
The First Order consists of friars (men), the Second Order consists of contemplative nuns (the Poor Clares), and the Third Order is for laypeople or those living in community who do not follow the strict cloistered or friary life.
What are the three main branches of the First Order?
The three branches are the Order of Friars Minor (OFM), the Order of Friars Minor Conventual, and the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.
What does "Pax et bonum" mean?
It is Latin for "Peace and [all] good," serving as the official motto of the Franciscans.
How did the Franciscans influence art?
Franciscan ideals of humility and nature influenced the Italian Gothic style and the works of master painters such as Giotto and Cimabue.