Cold Bay, Alaska: A Remote Coastal Community with a Storied History
Located in the Aleutians East Borough, Cold Bay (known as Udaamagax in Aleut and Pualu in Sugpiaq) is a small, resilient city situated on the edge of the Alaskan wilderness. While its population is modest, its historical significance and unique environmental characteristics make it a notable location in the United States.
From its prehistoric roots to its critical role during World War II, Cold Bay has served as a strategic outpost in the Aleutian Islands. Today, it remains a place defined by its rugged geography, its proximity to vital wildlife refuges, and its distinct, cloud-heavy climate.
Key Facts
- Location: Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States.
- Population: 50 residents (as of the 2020 census).
- Climate: Subpolar oceanic; recognized as the cloudiest place in the U.S.
- Historical Significance: Former site of Fort Randall during World War II.
- Wildlife: Home to the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge.
Historical Significance and World War II
The history of Cold Bay stretches back to prehistoric times, with evidence of occupation by Aleut peoples and later Russian encampments. However, the city's modern historical importance emerged during World War II following the Japanese invasion of the Aleutians.
In 1942, General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. ordered the establishment of Fort Randall, an airbase on the shores of Cold Bay. This base was part of a broader effort to expand American assets in the Aleutians and protect Dutch Harbor, the region's only deep-water port. During the Japanese Midway Campaign, P-40 fighters stationed at Cold Bay helped repel an initial diversionary attack. As the Pacific theater progressed, the military presence grew to 20,000 troops, leaving behind quonset huts that can still be seen around the community today. The area also served as a base for the U.S. Navy, including the seaplane tender USS Casco (AVP-12).
Geography and Climate
Cold Bay is situated at 55°12′33″N 162°42′51″W, positioned west of Hawaii. The city covers a total area of approximately 70.9 square miles, with 54.4 square miles of land and 16.6 square miles of water.
A Unique Climate Profile
The climate of Cold Bay is categorized as either ocean-moderated subarctic or subpolar oceanic, depending on the specific temperature isotherms used for classification. It is famously known as the cloudiest location in the United States, averaging 304 days of heavy overcast per year.
Temperatures are generally moderate but cool. Recorded temperatures range from a high of 78°F (26°C) to a low of −13°F (−25°C). Summer days are rarely hot, and many years fail to reach 68°F (20°C) during the warmest afternoon. The region experiences significant precipitation and high relative humidity, typical of southwest Alaska.
| Metric | Annual Average / Record |
|---|---|
| Mean Maximum Temperature | 67.7°F (19.8°C) |
| Mean Minimum Temperature | 2.1°F (−16.6°C) |
| Average Annual Precipitation | 42.67 inches (1,084 mm) |
| Average Relative Humidity | 85.0% |
| Record High Temperature | 78°F (26°C) |
| Record Low Temperature | −13°F (−25°C) |
Wildlife and the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
One of the most significant natural features near Cold Bay is the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. Established in 1960, this 498,000-acre refuge includes the 30-mile-long Izembek Lagoon, which provides essential food and shelter for migratory birds.
The area supports massive populations of migratory species, including:
- 150,000 Pacific black brant
- 62,000 emperor geese
- 50,000 Taverner's Canada geese
- 300,000 ducks
- 80,000 shore birds
- Up to 50,000 Steller's eiders during winter
Demographics and Community Life
Cold Bay has seen a significant decline in population over the decades. While the 1970 census recorded 256 residents, the 2020 census reported a population of just 50. The community is entirely rural, with a median age of 43.5 years.
The local infrastructure includes approximately 40 miles of gravel roads and a state-owned paved highway. Education in the community was previously provided by the Cold Bay School, which operated under the Aleutians East Borough School District until its closure in May 2015 due to declining enrollment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the most notable weather characteristic of Cold Bay?
Cold Bay is considered the cloudiest place in the United States, with an average of 304 days of heavy overcast where more than three-quarters of the sky is covered.
Why was Cold Bay important during World War II?
It served as a strategic military location, hosting Fort Randall and providing air protection for Dutch Harbor. It was a base for the 11th Air Force and the U.S. Navy.
What kind of wildlife can be found near Cold Bay?
The nearby Izembek National Wildlife Refuge is a major stopover for migratory birds, including emperor geese, Pacific black brant, and various species of ducks and shorebirds.
Is Cold Bay a large city?
No, Cold Bay is a very small, rural community. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50 residents.
What is the local government structure?
Cold Bay is a second-class city governed by a seven-member city council, which elects the mayor from among its members.