Big Cats of North America: Jaguars and Cougars
North America has a rich history of powerful feline predators. While many people associate "big cats" with the savannas of Africa or the jungles of Asia, two primary species have historically inhabited the United States, each with a distinct biological lineage and geographical footprint.
The Jaguar: A Rare Presence
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a member of the Panthera genus, making it a close relative to other large cats found across various continents. While these animals are widely distributed throughout most of South America—extending as far south as northern Argentina—their presence in the United States has dwindled significantly.
Since the early 20th century, jaguars have been largely extirpated (locally extinct) from several U.S. states, including Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Louisiana. However, the species has not vanished entirely from the region, as single jaguars are still known to live within Arizona.
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The Cougar: The Versatile Predator
The other prominent North American big cat is the cougar (Puma concolor). This adaptable feline is known by a wide array of names, including the puma, mountain lion, catamount, and panther.
Despite its common name and an average weight of 70 kg (150 lbs), the cougar is not a member of the Panthera genus. Biologically, it is more closely related to the domesticated house cat than it is to the lion.
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Distribution and Migration
Cougars are found throughout the continental Americas. While they were once more evenly distributed across the United States and Canada—reaching as far north as the southern Yukon border—their current populations are most concentrated in western states and provinces.
Interestingly, cougars from the west and possibly the south are currently migrating. They are increasingly encountered in regions where eastern populations were previously extirpated and declared extinct, including the U.S. Midwest, the East Coast, and central and eastern Canadian provinces. Notably, the cougar population in Florida has remained continuous and well-documented.
Key Facts
- Jaguar Scientific Name: Panthera onca.
- Cougar Scientific Name: Puma concolor.
- Cougar Weight: Averages approximately 70 kg (150 lbs).
- Jaguar Range: Most of South America (down to northern Argentina) and rare sightings in Arizona.
- Cougar Range: Continental Americas, with high concentrations in the West and a stable population in Florida.
- Biological Distinction: Cougars are more closely related to domestic cats than to lions.
| Feature | Jaguar | Cougar |
|---|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Panthera onca | Puma concolor |
| Genus | Panthera | Puma |
| US Status | Largely extirpated; rare in Arizona | Widespread; migrating eastward |
| Primary Range | South America | Continental Americas |
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a cougar a member of the Panthera genus?
No, the cougar (Puma concolor) is not part of the Panthera genus and is more closely related to the domestic cat than to lions.
Where can jaguars be found in the United States today?
While they have been largely extirpated from states like Texas and Louisiana, single jaguars are still found living within Arizona.
What are the different names used for the cougar?
The cougar is commonly referred to as the puma, mountain lion, catamount, or panther.
Are cougars returning to the eastern United States?
Yes, western and possibly southern cougars are migrating into ranges in the US Midwest and East Coast where previous populations were declared extinct.
How far north do cougars live in Canada?
Cougars have been found as far north as the southern Yukon border.