Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao
The Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao, commonly referred to as the One-way Permit, is a specialized travel document issued by the Exit and Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China. Unlike standard travel permits, this passport-sized document is specifically designed for Chinese citizens residing in mainland China who have relatives in the Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of Hong Kong or Macao.
The primary purpose of this permit is to allow eligible individuals to relocate to these regions for permanent residency, facilitating family reunions across the border.
[ไม่มีภาพประกอบ]Key Facts
- Issued by: Exit and Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China.
- Purpose: Permanent residency and family reunion in Hong Kong or Macao.
- First Issued: 1982.
- Current Quota: 150 people per day (for Hong Kong).
- Eligibility: Mainland Chinese citizens with relatives in the SARs.
History and Evolution of the Policy
The origins of the One-way Permit lie in the shifting immigration policies of the British Hong Kong government. Initially, the Touch Base Policy was in effect, which granted legal resident status to any mainland resident who managed to arrive in Hong Kong. However, as the volume of immigrants grew, the British administration sought to implement stricter controls to manage the population influx.
In 1982, an agreement was reached between the British Hong Kong government and the Chinese government to regulate the border. This agreement established that mainland residents seeking residency in Hong Kong must possess a permit issued by the Chinese government. The initial daily quota was set at 75 people. By 1995, this limit was increased to 150 people per day, a cap that remains in effect as of 2024.
Statistical Overview of Permit Bearers
The number of individuals utilizing the One-way Permit has fluctuated over the decades. By the end of 2016, approximately 950,000 mainland migrants had entered Hong Kong through this program, accounting for roughly 12.8% of the city's total population at that time.
| Year | No. of Bearers | Bearers Aged 15+ | Remaining Quota | Median Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 45,234 | 30,945 | 9,516 | 29 |
| 2005 | 55,106 | 40,568 | -356 | 29 |
| 2010 | 42,624 | 34,071 | 1,216 | 29 |
| 2015 | 38,338 | 31,423 | 16,412 | 32 |
| 2020 | 10,134 | 7,974 | 44,766 | 32 |
| 2021 | 17,919 | 14,026 | 36,831 | 31 |
Controversies and Criticisms
While the permit is officially intended for family reunification, it has become a subject of significant political and social debate in Hong Kong. Critics point to the long waiting periods—which can reach up to four years for spouses—and the lack of transparency in the selection process.
Some critics, including journalist Ching Cheong, argue that because the PRC government holds sole discretion over the beneficiaries without vetting from the Hong Kong Immigration Department, the scheme could be used as a mechanism to create a loyal voter bloc or as a tool for official graft. Furthermore, Martin Lee has described the policy as a strategy of "Tibetisation," suggesting it aims to marginalize the core values and population of Hong Kong over the long term.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a One-way Permit and an Exit-Entry Permit?
The One-way Permit (Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao) is for individuals seeking permanent residency and relocation. In contrast, the Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau is used by mainland residents for temporary visits.
Who is eligible to apply for a One-way Permit?
It is issued to Chinese citizens residing in mainland China who have qualifying relatives living in Hong Kong or Macao.
What is the current daily quota for the One-way Permit in Hong Kong?
As of 2024, the daily quota remains capped at 150 people.
How long is the waiting period for spouses?
The waiting time for spouses to receive a permit is currently reported to be approximately four years.
Who manages the issuance of these permits?
The permits are issued by the Exit and Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China.