Archaeological Site Identification Codes by US State
In the field of archaeology, maintaining a precise record of where artifacts and features are found is critical for scientific integrity. To achieve this, US states use standardized site identification codes. These alphanumeric strings act as unique fingerprints for every recorded location, allowing researchers and government agencies to track sites across different reports and time periods.
Most states employ a system known as a trinomial, which typically consists of three parts: a state code, a county or regional code, and a unique sequential site number. However, the specific format varies significantly depending on the state's administrative history and the mapping systems they utilize.
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Key Facts
- Trinomials: The most common format, combining state, county, and site numbers.
- Regional Variations: Some states use USGS (United States Geological Survey) map quadrangles instead of counties for identification.
- Sequential Numbering: The final part of the code is almost always a sequential number assigned as sites are discovered.
- Simplified Systems: A few states, such as Connecticut and Rhode Island, omit county codes entirely.
Common Identification Formats
While there is no single national standard, most state systems follow one of several logical patterns. These patterns ensure that a site in one county is not confused with a site in another, even if they share the same sequential number.
County-Based Systems
The majority of states use a county-based abbreviation. For example, in Alabama and Florida, the code often begins with the first two letters of the county name, though specific exceptions exist to avoid duplicates (e.g., in Florida, Miami-Dade is coded as DA). Other states, like Kentucky and North Carolina, use a predefined list of two-letter abbreviations for every county.
Map-Based Systems
Some states rely on the USGS quadrangle system—a grid of standardized maps—rather than political boundaries. Alaska uses three-letter abbreviations for these quadrangles, while Arizona uses a complex system involving quadrangle codes (AA), rectangle identifiers (NN), and sequential numbers.
Simplified and Unique Systems
Not all states follow the trinomial pattern. Connecticut (CT-nnnnn) and Rhode Island (RI-nnnn) use only the state abbreviation and a sequential number. New York employs a unique system where the first five digits represent the Minor Civil Division, followed by the site number.
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State Code Summary Table
| State | Format Example | Primary Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 1AAnnnn | County (First 2 letters/Exceptions) |
| Alaska | 49-AAA-nnnn | USGS Quadrangle |
| Arizona | AZ AA:NN:nn(XXX) | USGS Quad/Rectangle |
| Connecticut | CT-nnnnn | Sequential Number Only |
| Hawaii | 50-AA-BB-nnnn | Island Code & USGS Quad |
| New York | AAAAA.nnnnnn | Minor Civil Division |
| Rhode Island | RI-nnnn | Sequential Number Only |
| Wyoming | 48AAnnnn | County (YE for Yellowstone) |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a trinomial in archaeology?
A trinomial is a three-part identification code consisting of a state identifier, a county or regional identifier, and a unique site number. It is the standard method for cataloging archaeological sites in the United States.
Why do some states use USGS quadrangles instead of counties?
USGS quadrangles provide a consistent geographic grid that does not change when political boundaries (like county lines) are redrawn, making them more stable for long-term scientific mapping.
How are sequential numbers assigned?
Sequential numbers are typically assigned in the order that sites are officially recorded by the state's archaeological survey or cultural resource management office.
Do all states use the same two-letter codes for counties?
No. Each state manages its own list of abbreviations. For instance, while many use the first two letters of the county name, others use a custom list to prevent overlap between counties with similar names.
What happens to sites in National Parks?
Some states have special provisions for federal lands. For example, Wyoming uses the code "YE" specifically for sites located within Yellowstone National Park.