119th United States Congress
The 119th United States Congress convened on January 3, 2025, marking a new chapter in American legislative history. Operating from the United States Capitol, this session is characterized by a Republican majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, shaping the legislative agenda and the governance of the nation.
The Congress consists of 100 senators, 435 representatives, and 6 non-voting delegates. Its tenure began amidst a transition of power, with leadership shifts occurring in early 2025 to align with the new administration.
Key Facts
- Start Date: January 3, 2025.
- Senate Majority: Republican.
- House Majority: Republican.
- Senate President: JD Vance (since January 20, 2025).
- House Speaker: Mike Johnson.
- Total Members: 535 voting members plus 6 non-voting delegates.
Legislative Milestones and Major Acts
The 119th Congress has been active in passing a wide array of legislation, ranging from public safety and border security to veterans' affairs and financial transparency. One of the earliest significant actions was the signing of the Laken Riley Act on January 29, 2025.
Throughout 2025, several other high-profile bills were enacted into law, including the TAKE IT DOWN Act in May and the One Big Beautiful Bill Act on July 4, 2025. The legislative session also focused heavily on national defense, culminating in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026, signed on December 18, 2025.
Notable Legislation Timeline
Beyond the major acts, the Congress has addressed specific regional and social issues through various bills:
- March 15, 2025: Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act.
- June 12, 2025: Aerial Firefighting Enhancement Act of 2025.
- July 16, 2025: HALT Fentanyl Act.
- November 19, 2025: Epstein Files Transparency Act.
- February 3, 2026: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026.
- June 10, 2026: Secure America Act.
Congressional Composition and Leadership
The balance of power in the 119th Congress has seen slight fluctuations due to vacancies and special elections. In the Senate, the Republican majority has maintained control, with JD Vance assuming the role of Senate President on January 20, 2025, succeeding Kamala Harris.
In the House of Representatives, the Republican majority has been led by Speaker Mike Johnson. The House leadership structure includes key roles such as the Chair of the House Republican Conference, held by Lisa McClain, and the Chair of House Republican Leadership, held by Elise Stefanik.
The Democratic caucus continues to play a significant role in legislative debate, led by figures such as Pete Aguilar (Chair of the House Democratic Caucus) and Ted Lieu (Vice Chair).
Membership Trends
Data indicates that the age distribution of members in the US Congress has trended toward older individuals over several decades, a demographic shift that continues into the 119th session.
![Over decades, the age distribution of members of the US Congress has trended toward older individuals.[65]](/images/82/ff/82fff3593aa6ca7014c21e7fa4513bf8d5e7080eff9afcad7aad34119904b122.webp)
The House composition has remained dynamic, with various shifts in district control between Democrats and Republicans throughout 2025 and 2026.
Summary of Congressional Structure
The following table provides a snapshot of the 119th Congress's primary structure and leadership.
| Feature | Senate | House of Representatives |
|---|---|---|
| Total Voting Members | 100 | 435 |
| Majority Party | Republican | Republican |
| Primary Leader | JD Vance (President) | Mike Johnson (Speaker) |
| Non-Voting Members | N/A | 6 Delegates |
International Relations and Special Sessions
The 119th Congress has also hosted significant international dignitaries, reflecting the United States' ongoing diplomatic engagements. A notable event included King Charles III addressing the Congress, accompanied by Vice President JD Vance and Speaker Mike Johnson.
Frequently Asked Questions
When did the 119th Congress begin?
The 119th United States Congress officially began its term on January 3, 2025.
Who is the current Senate President?
JD Vance has served as the Senate President since January 20, 2025.
What is the majority party in both chambers?
The Republican Party holds the majority in both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives.
What was the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1) was a piece of legislation signed into law by President Trump on July 4, 2025.
Who leads the House Democratic Caucus?
The House Democratic Caucus is chaired by Pete Aguilar, with Ted Lieu serving as Vice Chair.