Understanding the White-cheeked Starling
The white-cheeked starling (*Spodiopsar cineraceus*), also known as the grey starling, is a prominent member of the starling family (Sturnidae). A common sight across much of its native range in eastern Asia, this passerine—a type of perching bird—is well-known for its distinct appearance and adaptable nature.
Key Facts
- Scientific Name: Spodiopsar cineraceus
- Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
- Average Length: 24 cm
- Primary Diet: Fruit and insects (such as mole crickets)
- Breeding Season: March to July
Taxonomy and Classification
The classification of the white-cheeked starling has evolved alongside advancements in biological science. Historically, the species was placed within the genus Sturnus. However, a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study—a method used to determine evolutionary relationships through genetic analysis—revealed that the genus was polyphyletic, meaning it did not consist of a single evolutionary lineage.
As a result of this reorganization, the white-cheeked starling and the red-billed starling were moved into the resurrected genus Spodiopsar, a name originally introduced by Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1889. Currently, the species is considered monotypic, meaning it has no recognized subspecies.
Physical Description
Measuring approximately 24 cm in length, the white-cheeked starling displays subtle differences between the sexes. The adult male is characterized by dark grey-brown plumage, a paler belly, and a whitish band across the rump. Its head is blackish, accented by whitish cheeks and a white forehead. Additional markings include a white border on the tail and white patches on the secondary wing feathers. Its bill is orange with a black tip, complemented by pale orange legs.
Adult females share a similar appearance but are generally paler and duller in color. Juveniles differ significantly, appearing brown with pale cheeks and a rump; notably, they lack the black tip on the bill found in adults.
In terms of vocalization, the species is known for a loud, monotonous call consisting of a series of harsh, creaking notes.
Distribution and Habitat
The white-cheeked starling maintains a broad geographic footprint. Its breeding range spans north-east and central China, Korea, Japan, and south-east Siberia. During the winter months, populations from colder northern regions migrate south toward southern and eastern China, South Korea, southern Japan, Taiwan, and northern Vietnam. While rare, vagrants (birds that wander far outside their normal range) have been spotted in the Philippines, Thailand, and Myanmar. A notable record exists from Homer, Alaska, in 1998, where the bird likely arrived via a ship.
This species is highly adaptable to various environments. While it naturally inhabits woodlands, farmland, and open country, it has successfully transitioned to urban settings, including parks and gardens. In regions like Japan, they are most frequently found in lowland areas, typically below 700 meters.
Hybridization
While typically a distinct species, there are documented instances of interspecific hybridization—the breeding between two different species. For example, the Japanese Journal of Ornithology has recorded hybrids between the white-cheeked starling and the red-billed starling in Japan.
![Hybrid of white-cheeked starling and red-billed starling, Japan. Such a hybrid has been recorded by the Japanese Journal of Ornithology.[4]](/images/96/9b/969be9b0bbeb6a5f55acf2378705cbbea68ae5cf76f3c6edbab16ab71a29d32b.jpg)
Ecology and Life Cycle
The white-cheeked starling maintains a varied diet, consuming both fruit and insects, including mole crickets. Their reproductive cycle is timed with the spring and summer months.
Nesting and Reproduction
The breeding season typically runs from March to July, during which birds often lay two clutches of eggs. They prefer to nest in tree holes, cavities within buildings, or man-made nestboxes. The reproductive process follows a specific timeline:
- Egg Laying: Between four and nine eggs are laid per clutch.
- Incubation: The eggs are incubated for 14 to 15 days.
- Fledging: The young birds fledge (leave the nest) approximately 13 to 15 days after hatching.
Summary of Species Data
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Spodiopsar cineraceus |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Length | 24 cm |
| Diet | Fruit and insects |
| Breeding Period | March – July |
| Incubation Period | 14–15 days |
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the white-cheeked starling eat?
The white-cheeked starling has a varied diet that includes both fruit and insects, such as mole crickets.
Where can I find the white-cheeked starling?
They are native to eastern Asia, breeding in parts of China, Korea, Japan, and Siberia. They also inhabit woodlands, farmlands, and urban parks and gardens.
How long does it take for the chicks to fledge?
After hatching, the young birds typically fledge within 13 to 15 days.
Is the white-cheeked starling endangered?
No, according to the IUCN Red List, the white-cheeked starling is classified as a species of Least Concern.
What is the difference between male and female starlings?
Adult males are dark grey-brown with a blackish head and white cheeks, while adult females are similar but appear paler and duller.