Tsushima: The Strategic Island Bridge Between Japan and Korea
Situated halfway between the Japanese island of Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula, Tsushima serves as a vital geographic link within the Tsushima Strait and the Korea Strait. This archipelago, part of Nagasaki Prefecture, is much more than a mere collection of islands; it is a place where history, geography, and international relations have intersected for centuries.
The Tsushima archipelago consists of a large main island and over 100 smaller islets. While it appears as a single landmass, the main island was historically divided into two sections—North Tsushima (Kamino-shima) and South Tsushima (Shimono-shima)—by the construction of the Ōfunakoshiseto canal in 1671. A second canal, the Manzekiseto, was later added in 1900, effectively creating three distinct land segments. Today, these sections are connected by a system of bridges and causeways.
Key Facts
- Location: Situated between the Tsushima Strait and Korea Strait.
- Administration: Part of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.
- Geography: Comprises the main island (divided into North and South) and over 100 smaller islands.
- Highest Point: Mount Yatate, standing at 649 meters (2,129 ft).
- Population: Approximately 28,502 residents (as of December 2022).
- Total Area: Approximately 708.7 km².
Geography and Climate
The landscape of Tsushima is defined by its rugged terrain and deep maritime indentations. The two primary sub-islands feature prominent peaks: Shimono-shima is home to Mount Yatate (649 m) and Ariake-yama (558 m), while Kamino-shima features Mount Mi-take (487 m). The deep indentation of Asō Bay provides a significant maritime feature for the archipelago.
The climate in the region, particularly around Izuhara, is characterized by significant seasonal variation. Summers can be quite warm, with record highs reaching 36.9°C (98.4°F), while winters see temperatures drop to lows around -8.6°C (16.5°F). Precipitation is relatively high, especially during the summer months, with annual averages reaching approximately 2,302.6 mm.
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Highest Elevation | 649 m (Mt. Yatate) |
| Coastline Length | 915 km |
| Population Density | 40/km² |
| Primary Administrative Center | Tsushima City |
A Complex Historical Legacy
Tsushima has long been a focal point of regional power struggles and trade. Archaeological evidence suggests the islands were inhabited as far back as the Jōmon period (14,000 BCE). By the 3rd century, historical records like the Sanguo Zhi suggest the area was known as Tsuikai-koku.
During the feudal period, Tsushima was a critical trade hub. However, this prosperity was often interrupted by conflict, most notably the Mongol invasions of Japan between 1274 and 1281. During these invasions, Korean troops led by Kim Bang-gyeong caused significant casualties on the islands.
The relationship between Tsushima and the Korean peninsula was further shaped by the Ōei Invasion in 1419, when the Joseon dynasty sent forces to clear the islands of Wokou pirates. Following this, the 1443 Treaty of Gyehae allowed the Sō clan to monopolize trade with Korea. In the late 16th century, the Sō clan's position was confirmed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, though the clan later served as a naval base during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).
In the modern era, Tsushima transitioned from the Tsushima Fuchu domain to become part of Nagasaki Prefecture in 1872 following Japan's widespread administrative reforms. While the island has faced historical territorial claims from South Korea, these were addressed in 1951 during the Japanese peace treaty negotiations.
Tourism and Modern Economy
Tourism has played a significant role in Tsushima's modern economy, particularly with visitors from South Korea. In 2013, Korean visitors surpassed domestic Japanese tourists for the first time. However, tourism has faced volatility due to geopolitical tensions, such as the 2019 trade dispute between Japan and Korea, as well as the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Frequently Asked Questions
How is Tsushima divided geographically?
The main island is divided into two parts, Kamino-shima (North Tsushima) and Shimono-shima (South Tsushima), by the Ōfunakoshiseto canal. A second canal, the Manzekiseto, further divides the land into three sections.
What is the highest point on the island?
The highest elevation on Tsushima is Mount Yatate, which reaches a height of 649 meters (2,129 feet).
What role did the Sō clan play in Tsushima's history?
The Sō clan were the daimyō (feudal lords) of the Tsushima domain. They held significant power, including the monopoly on trade with the Joseon dynasty of Korea through the Treaty of Gyehae.
Why did tourism fluctuate in recent years?
Tourism was impacted by a trade war between Korea and Japan starting in July 2019, which led to a significant decrease in Korean visitors, as well as the subsequent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Is Tsushima part of Nagasaki Prefecture?
Yes, Tsushima is administratively part of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.