The Irrawaddy: A History of Independent Journalism in Myanmar
For over three decades, The Irrawaddy has served as a critical voice for news and political analysis regarding Myanmar (formerly Burma). Founded during a period of intense political turmoil, the publication evolved from a small newsletter for activists into a comprehensive digital news service, documenting the country's struggle between military rule and democratic aspirations.
The Origins of the Burma Information Group
The publication began in 1990 under the name Burma Issues. It was established by Aung Zaw, a student activist from Rangoon University. Following the imposition of martial law in 1988, Zaw left the country and founded the Burma Information Group (BIG) in Bangkok, Thailand.
In its early years, the BIG focused on circulating The Irrawaddy among human rights organizations, foreign embassies, and the Burmese exile community. This effort was vital for providing updates on the suppression of the pro-democracy movement and the consolidation of power by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), the military junta governing the country at the time.
[ไม่มีภาพประกอบ]
Expansion and Digital Transformation
As the organization grew, its operational base shifted to Chiang Mai, Thailand, between 1995 and 1996. By 1999, the organization was renamed the Irrawaddy Publishing Group. This rebranding coincided with a strategic expansion of its editorial scope to cover broader political issues across Southeast Asia.
The turn of the millennium brought a shift toward digital media. In 2000, the group launched its online service to provide real-time coverage of breaking news. This digital presence proved essential during key historical events, such as the 2003 banking crisis and the political downfall of senior junta leader Khin Nyunt.
Editorial Leadership and Print Media
The publication maintained a dual-language approach, producing a monthly English magazine and a weekly Burmese-language journal for readers in both Burma and Thailand. The English edition was edited by Kyaw Zwa Moe, the younger brother of founder Aung Zaw. Kyaw Zwa Moe brought a personal history of resilience to the role, having been imprisoned for eight years as a high school student in Rangoon before joining the publication.
Returning to Myanmar and Recent Challenges
A significant turning point occurred in 2012. Following legislative reforms that ended decades of prepublication censorship—the government's practice of reviewing and approving content before it is printed—and the issuance of new media licenses, The Irrawaddy opened a bureau in Rangoon. While it maintained a legacy presence in Chiang Mai, the publication gradually moved its primary editorial operations back into Myanmar.
Despite this period of openness, the print era eventually came to an end. The English print edition ceased publication in September 2015, followed by the Burmese edition in January 2016. The organization shifted its full focus to its daily-updated English and Burmese websites.
[ไม่มีภาพประกอบ]
The environment for independent media shifted again in October 2022. The military government of Myanmar officially revoked the publication license of The Irrawaddy. The government justified this action by claiming the site's coverage was harmful to public tranquility, the rule of law, and state security.
Key Facts
- Founded: 1990 as Burma Issues by Aung Zaw.
- Original Organization: Burma Information Group (BIG), based in Bangkok.
- Digital Launch: Online services began in 2000.
- Print History: Published monthly English and weekly Burmese journals until 2015 and 2016, respectively.
- Legal Status: Publication license revoked by the Myanmar military government in October 2022.
Summary of Organizational Evolution
| Period/Year | Entity Name | Primary Location | Key Milestone |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Burma Issues / BIG | Bangkok, Thailand | Foundation by Aung Zaw |
| 1995–1996 | Burma Information Group | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Relocation of main offices |
| 1999 | Irrawaddy Publishing Group | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Expanded focus to Southeast Asia |
| 2000 | The Irrawaddy (Online) | Digital | Launch of online news service |
| 2012 | The Irrawaddy | Rangoon, Myanmar | Opened bureau following censorship reforms |
| 2022 | The Irrawaddy | Digital | License revoked by military government |
Frequently Asked Questions
Who founded The Irrawaddy?
The publication was founded in 1990 by Aung Zaw, a student activist from Rangoon University who established the Burma Information Group (BIG) after leaving the country due to martial law.
Why did the organization move to Chiang Mai?
The main offices of the Burma Information Group were relocated to Chiang Mai, Thailand, between 1995 and 1996 as the organization grew and eventually expanded its focus to include other political issues in Southeast Asia.
When did The Irrawaddy stop printing physical copies?
The English language print edition ceased publication in September 2015, and the Burmese language edition was halted in January 2016.
What happened to the publication's license in 2022?
In October 2022, the military government of Myanmar revoked the publication license of The Irrawaddy, alleging that its reporting was detrimental to state security, the rule of law, and public tranquility.
Who is Kyaw Zwa Moe?
Kyaw Zwa Moe is the editor of the English edition of The Irrawaddy and the younger brother of founder Aung Zaw. He joined the organization after serving eight years in prison as a high school student in Rangoon.