Practical Action: The Evolution of Intermediate Technology
The approach to international aid has undergone significant shifts over the decades. One of the most influential movements began with the realization that transferring massive, high-cost technologies to developing nations often failed because those regions lacked the resources to maintain or accommodate them. This gap led to the birth of a philosophy centered on intermediate technology—tools and methods that are more advanced than traditional tools but simpler and more affordable than large-scale industrial machinery.
The Vision of E. F. Schumacher
In 1965, economist and philosopher E. F. Schumacher published a pivotal article in The Observer. In this piece, he critiqued the prevailing aid models of the time, arguing that technology transfers should be tailored to the actual needs and existing skills of the local population. He advocated for a shift toward technologies that were efficient yet labor-intensive, ensuring that development empowered people rather than creating dependency on unattainable infrastructure.
The Birth of the ITDG
To turn this philosophy into action, Schumacher collaborated with a group of associates, including George McRobie, Julia Porter, Alfred Latham-Koenig, and Professor Mansur Hoda. In 1966, they established an advisory center known as the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). The primary goal of the ITDG was to promote the use of efficient, labor-intensive techniques that could be realistically implemented in developing countries.
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Growth and Global Expansion
While the ITDG began as a technical enquiry service, it quickly evolved to take a more direct role in field projects. After achieving early success in the agricultural sector, the organization expanded its expertise by forming specialized working groups focused on energy, building materials, and rural health. This diversification allowed the group to scale into a truly international organization.
Today, the organization operates from its head office in the UK and maintains seven regional offices, managing over 100 projects across the globe.
Transition to Practical Action
As the organization's scope and identity evolved, it underwent a rebranding process to better reflect its mission. In July 2005, the ITDG began using the working name Practical Action, which officially became its legal name in 2008. To share its findings and stories of impact, the organization publishes a triannual magazine titled Small World.
Key Facts
- Founded: 1966 as the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG).
- Founder: E. F. Schumacher and associates (George McRobie, Julia Porter, Alfred Latham-Koenig, and Professor Mansur Hoda).
- Core Philosophy: Promoting intermediate technologies based on local needs and skills.
- Global Reach: Head office in the UK with seven regional offices and 100+ projects.
- Current Name: Practical Action (legal name since 2008).
- Publication: Produces the triannual magazine Small World.
| Period/Year | Entity Name | Primary Focus/Milestone |
|---|---|---|
| 1965 | N/A | E. F. Schumacher publishes critique in The Observer |
| 1966 | ITDG | Established as an advisory center for labor-intensive techniques |
| Growth Phase | ITDG | Expansion into energy, building materials, and rural health |
| 2005 | Practical Action | Adopted as a working name |
| 2008 | Practical Action | Adopted as the official legal name |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is intermediate technology?
Intermediate technology refers to tools and techniques that are more productive than traditional methods but remain simple, affordable, and manageable for people in developing countries to use and maintain.
Who founded the Intermediate Technology Development Group?
The group was founded in 1966 by E. F. Schumacher along with George McRobie, Julia Porter, Alfred Latham-Koenig, and Professor Mansur Hoda.
When did ITDG become Practical Action?
The organization began using the name Practical Action in July 2005, and it became the legal name of the organization in 2008.
What areas of development does Practical Action focus on?
Beyond its initial success in farming, the organization has developed expertise in energy, building materials, and rural health.
Does Practical Action publish any literature?
Yes, the organization produces a magazine called Small World, which is published three times a year.